Университеты Германии

the economic analysis of the most important branches of private, public,

international and European law.

The program covers one academic year. The courses start in the beginning

of October and end in June. The academic year is subdivided into three

terms. The first trimester can be studied in Hamburg or Rotterdam, the

second in Hamburg or Ghent and for the third trimester students can

choose between one of the nine participating European universities.

Important scientists like Prof. Dr. James Buchanan (Nobel Prize Award

1985) and Prof. Dr. Ronald Coase (Nobel Prize Award 1991) belong to the

"Committee of Patronage" of the "Law and Economics Program".

Request for the more detailed "Student Guide" should be addressed to:

Erasmus@nw01.rrz.uni-hamburg.de.

Introduction

In cooperation with the International Center for Graduate Studies the

Institute of Law and Economics and the "ERASMUS Program in Law and

Economics" (http://www.jura.uni-hamburg.de/studieren/foreign/#Erasmus)

for postgraduates is offered. The program is open to graduates in law and

economics and leads within one year to the European Master in Law and

Economics (EMLE). In case of exceptional qualifications an admission for

students without an exam or diploma is possible.

The Law and Economics study program started as an ERASMUS Program in 1990

and will persist within the more comprehensive network of SOCRATES.

SOCRATES stands for a contractual framework between the European

Commission and European universities. Although SOCRATES is designed to

support European integration, the program is also open for students from

non-European countries.

For law studies, internationalization creates a specific problem. Due to

the increasing importance of specific regulations regarding areas such as

social security, industrial policy, protection of the environment, equal

treatment of minority groups etc., the legal systems in the different

European countries became increasingly divergent. As a consequence, law

students and other students interested in law and institutions, who would

like to supplement their studies with an international continuation, are

faced with a problem. In order to compare rules and institutions, one

needs a common standard. The economic analysis of law, often called

briefly "Law and Economics" is certainly a good candidate as a standard

for relevant comparison of law. Because economic science has developed a

framework of theorems and concepts which are universally applicable to

human behavior and human choice, economic theory constitutes an

international standard "par excellence". In the center of this new

scientific approach are the processes and goals of influencing human

behavior by norms which are determined by law.

Important scientists like Prof. Dr. James Buchanan (Nobel Prize Award

1985) and Prof. Dr. Ronald Coase (Nobel Prize Award 1991) belong to the

"Committee of Patronage" of the "Law and Economics Program".

Admission to the studies

(1) To the study in Law and Economics can be admitted who

1. successfully

a) passed the study of law or economics or business administration or

another study with a legal or economic focus in the Federal Republic of

Germany or

b) passed a study at a university out of the Federal Republic of Germany

which is comparable with respect to its kind and its extent to the

studies mentioned under letter a)

2. has sufficient knowledge in English in order to participate in the

study and in order to pass the exams

3. can be expected to participate in the ERASMUS Program in Law and

Economics successfully according to his or her previous performance so

far.

(2) The requirement mentioned in subsection (1) number 1 can be neglected

if the applicant is at an advanced level in one of the studies mentioned

in subsection (1) number 1 a) and b) and if his or her results achieved

so far are especially suitable in order to make a successful

participation in the ERASMUS Program in Law and Economics expectable. In

this case the exam is acknowledged to be passed if the study according to

subsection (1) number 1 is finished successfully.

Curriculum

The program covers one academic year. The courses start in the beginning

of October and end in June. The academic year is subdivided into three

terms. The first trimester can be studied in Hamburg or Rotterdam, the

second in Hamburg or Ghent and for the third trimester students can

choose between one of the nine participating European universities.

The program consists of three kinds of courses. In order to make law

students more familiar with basic economic reasoning some courses are

more economic in orientation. Some courses deal with comparative law in

order to internalize legal background of the students. The third kind of

courses deal directly with the economic analysis of the most important

branches of private, public, international and European law. The

references to law in the courses will be of a comparative kind, due to

the all-European character of the program and the international

composition of the audience. Students will be confronted with examples of

their own and other legal systems.

In the first term the Rotterdam and Hamburg courses have the same

contents, although the materials used and the grouping of the materials

in the courses may differ slightly. The same applies to the second term.

This makes it possible to choose a second term university independent of

the first choice.

The study embraces during the first two terms at least twelve hours per

week and during the third term at least four hours per week. During the

first term are offered as compulsory courses an introduction in the basic

economic and legal methods of the Law and Economics approach, an

introduction in the economic analysis of accident law, competition law

and public law. During the second term are offered as compulsory courses

an introduction in the economic analysis of property law, in the economic

analysis of contract law, an introduction in the philosophical

foundations of Law and Economics and a supplementary course in the

economic analysis of public law. Furthermore, there are courses offered

as compulsory choice which introduce in the economic analysis of other

areas of law. During the third term further courses are offered at an

advanced level according to the research and teaching areas of the

participating universities.

Final exam

The final exam consists of term exams and a thesis. The exams and the

thesis are written in English or in the language of the country in which

the exams are taken. Each course leads to a separate exam which will be

organized at the end of the term respectively the end of a course. The

candidate is supposed to participate in ten term exams. The exams are in

written form and last at least three hours. Each exam is graded on a

scale of 10 to 0 points. The minimum of 50 points has to be obtained to

pass the program and to get the degree.

The candidate has to write a thesis during the third term. The thesis is

supposed to prove the ability to work in the field of Law and Economics

in a scientific manner. The time for working on the thesis is four and a

half months (1st April to 15th of August). The thesis is to be evaluated

by the supervisor and an external examiner. The external examiner should

be a member of a university different from that one of the supervisor.

The thesis is graded on a scale of 30 to 0 points. The thesis is

accepted, if the number of points obtained by both examiners is at least

24.

A final mark is deducted from the marks of the term exams and the mark of

the thesis. For this the mark of the term exams, the mark for the thesis

rewarded by the supervisor, and the mark for the thesis rewarded by the

external examiner are added and thereafter divided by 16 and rounded to

two digits. The resulting points range from 10 to 0. To pass the final

exam in Law and Economics the final marks has to be at least 5.00 points.

Diploma and Certificate

After having passed the exam the candidate is awarded a diploma

certifying that he or she is awarded the degree of a "European Master in

Law and Economics (EMLE)". The diploma points to the interdisciplinary of

the postgraduate study and to the universities which are involved in the

teaching of the program. The certificate is written in English and

contains the titles of the visited lectures, the names of the

universities at which the candidate visited these lectures, the subject

of the thesis as well as the final marks. In addition, a certificate is

handed out, in which all marks of the term exams and the thesis are

listed as well as the ranking of the candidate and the total number of

participating students of the current academic year.

Request for the more detailed "Student Guide" should be addressed to:

Erasmus@nw01.rrz.uni-hamburg.de.

More information may be obtained by

Ute Lewin-Bleeker

Sekretariat des ERASMUS Programms fьr Recht und Цkonomie

Binderstr. 34

D 20146 Hamburg

Phone +49 40 42838-5776

and the

Institut fьr Recht und Цkonomik

Fachbereich Rechtswissenschaft

Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1

D 20146 Hamburg

Phone +49 40 42838-5542

Erasmus@nw01.rrz.uni-hamburg.de

Last Update: January 23rd, 1999

Посчитав это интересным, я зашел на один сайт

(http://www.iht.com/IHT/SUP/031997e/index.html), который рассказывает о

международном обмене и возможности образования иностранных студентов в

Университетах Германии и Австрии:

[pic]

| |International Education in Germany and Austria |

|"International |Students Learn English, Spanish and German |

|Education in Germany|For many Europeans, English and German are |

|and Austria" was |regarded as languages of business, and their |

|produced in its |rise is coming directly at the expense of other|

|entirety by the |major foreign languages. |

|Advertising |March 19, 1997 The Full Story |

|Department of the | |

|International Herald|Foreigners Prefer Privacy |

|Tribune. |A paradox of German education is that foreign |

|Writer: Terry |students are shunning the state universities - |

|Swartzberg, based in|and flocking to private institutions. The |

|Munich. |Ministry of Education reports that non-Germans |

|Program Director: |now account for 8 percent of all students |

|Bill Mahder. |attending the country's institutes of higher |

| |learning. But according to Cologne's |

|With support from: |authoritative IWD (Institute der deutschen |

|American |Wirtschaft) economic think-tank, some one-third|

|International School|of these "non-Germans" are in fact long-time |

|Salzburg |residents of Germany who still hold foreign |

|Die Neue Schule |passports. |

|Europe |March 19, 1997 The Full Story |

|Sprachenschule | |

|Frankfurt | |

|International School| |

| | |

|Goethe Institut | |

|h.i.w | |

|Fremdsprachenschule | |

| | |

|ITM | |

|Prьfungszentrum des | |

|Goethe-Instituts | |

|Schule Birklehof | |

|Schule Schloss Salem| |

| | |

|Sprachen & | |

|Dolmetscher Institut| |

|Mьnchen | |

|University of | |

|Maryland | |

|Vienna International| |

|School | |

Далее приводится текст с описанием возможностей этого обучения :

[pic]

Students Learn English, Spanish and German

For many Europeans, English and German are regarded as languages of

business, and their rise is coming directly at the expense of other major

foreign languages.

A significant milestone was reached in the European Union in the beginning

of 1996, reports the European Commission. For the first time, more than

half of the EU's adults shared at least one language: English. Fully one-

third of the EU speaks it as a second language. Both percentages are set to

rise significantly - enrollments in English classes are at all-time highs

throughout the EU. Meanwhile, the number of students and adults in the EU

learning Spanish, French and Italian as a second language continues to

decline, with German showing a stable base of interest.

Value for money

"Today's Europeans think pragmatically, asking themselves: ФWhich single

language will most benefit my career or business? Which language is worth

my investment in time and money?' The answer is English and, to a lesser

extent, German," says Wolfgang Heuss, the Munich-based language instruction

expert and head of the English department of the city's Sprachen und

Dolmetscher Institut (Institute of Languages and Interpreting).

This pragmatism has led to an unusual phenomenon: Central and East

Europeans are flocking to Munich, Vienna and other attractive, nearby

Western European cities to learn English. "It's actually quite logical,"

says Mr. Heuss. "Many of our new arrivals from the east already have a good

working knowledge of German, and German-style language instruction enjoys a

reputation for giving value-for-money."

This view is confirmed by Rosie Marie Weineck, spokesperson for the

…sterreichisch-Amerikanische Gesellschaft (OAG), the Vienna-based language

school: "In Vienna, we're also seeing a continuing influx of Central and

East European adult learners. They're here for entirely practical reasons.

They need German and, if possible, English, for their careers, and they go

about learning the languages in a very businesslike way."

As Ms. Weineck points out, this practical approach has been changing the

nature of the classes offered by many language schools. "One of our newest

offerings is a super-intensive 'German for Occupational Purposes.' It's

proving very popular," she says.

In providing its business-minded German classes, the OAG works closely with

Munich's Goethe Institut, a prime fount of such courses. With headquarters

in Munich, the Goethe Institut is the official body charged with

disseminating German culture and language worldwide. Over the past few

years, the Goethe Institut has introduced a wide range of courses leading

to various kinds of certificates of proficiency in "business German."

Attendance in such courses has been strong, especially at the Goethe

Institut's centers in Central and Eastern Europe. Residents of these

countries account for two-thirds of the 20 million people learning German

worldwide.

Pragmatism has also affected the tourism area. "When we started out in the

post-revolution era, a large number of our students came to us to learn

Italian for a vacation in Italy, or Spanish for a vacation in Spain," says

Ingrid Wiltsch, head of Potsdam's h.i.w. Fremdsprachenschule. "Now, most of

them want to learn English. It's universally applicable, no matter where in

the world you're taking your vacation."

Among the prime beneficiaries of the rush into English have been the

international schools in Germany and Austria. Most of them have English as

their main language of instruction. "About 80 percent of our families are

non-German," says Adele Hodgson, spokesperson for the Frankfurt

International School. "Because these expatriate families come to the

country with a background of interacting in English, and because their

ultimate future often does not lie in the German-language area, the

families are highly interested in having their children receive English

language instruction.

Attendance in such courses has been strong, especially at the Goethe

Institut's centers in Central and Eastern Europe. Residents of these

countries account for two-thirds of the 20 million people learning German

worldwide.

"Non-expatriate families also come to us partially because of English," she

adds. "They want to give their children an education that serves as a

Фbridge' to the outside world. Students graduate from our school with an

internationally accepted degree - the international baccalaureate - and the

ability to speak excellent English." This view is confirmed by Rosie Marie

Weineck, spokesperson for the Osterreichisch-Amerikanische Gesellschaft

(OAG), the Vienna-based language school: "In Vienna, we're also seeing a

continuing influx of Central and East European adult learners. They're here

for entirely practical reasons. They need German and, if possible, English,

for their careers, and they go about learning the languages in a very

businesslike way."

Terry Swartzberg

Перевод условий, необходимых для поступления в университет иностранцу

Международный центр для graduate изучает Основной

Международный Центр для Занятий Graduate организовывается на

interdepartmental основе Гамбургом Universitдt.

Гамбургский университет стремится, чтобы способствовать и преследовать,

оканчивать занятия и отличное исследование на остром крае современного

университетского образования и научной разработки.

Это принято обязательство о новых областях обязанного проявления study в

выполнении своего лежения в основе цели: продвижение знания и учености.

В виду этих согласий Гамбурга Universitдt область interdisciplinary

программируется всем международным студентам, удерживающим пригодную

степень Холостяка.

Программы Анализа Intercultural Занятий - Образовательное Исследование,

Общественная и Политическая Наука, Лингвистика и Прилагающие Лингвистику,

Общественная и Культурная Антропология, Сравнительные Занятия Религии,

Азиатские и Африканец Изучает, Психологию и Исторические Науки Окружающей

среды - Науки Земли, Биология, Химия, Математика, Наука Информации,

Лекарство, Общественные Науки, Jurisprudence, Закон Оценки Технологии и

Экономика - Экономика , Науки Жизни Jurisprudence - Биология, Химия,

Лекарство Структура Материала - Физика, Науки Земли, Химия

Кто может приложить? Оканчивается с пригодной степенью Холостяка

(преференциально чести) и твердый фон в одном из дисциплин упомянутых

вышеуказанными, чтобы получить Основных градусных Мастеров, чтобы

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